You all know American Whiskey from the supermarket. But the Whiskeys we would like to introduce to you here are as far removed from these supermarket Whiskeys as Glenfarclas or Lagavulin are from blended Scotch. They are all something special and should be enjoyed neat (without cola, without ice) or with some still water. On the North American continent, there are two regions where whiskey is traditionally distilled: The area along the Saint Lawrence River in Canada and the US states of Kentucky and Tennessee.
This article is about the different types of Whiskey in America and what makes them - also according to the law.
Bourbon
Probably the best-known American Whiskey variety is Bourbon, which is named after Bourbon County in Kentucky. This county got its name in honour of the French royal family, as Louis XVI helped the Americans during the wars of independence against England. By law, Bourbon Whiskey must be made from at least 51% corn, which gives it its typically sweet taste. The remaining grains used are rye, which is very spicy, mild wheat and barley, which is essential for the fermentation process. American Whiskey is mainly distilled in column stills. According to American law, Bourbon must be matured in fresh, burnt-out oak barrels.
The alcohol content of Bourbon must not exceed 80% during distilling and must not exceed 62.5% at the beginning of maturation. Bourbon is bottled at a minimum of 40%, as spirits with a lower alcohol content may not be declared as Whisky or Whiskey. Theoretically, Bourbon can come from anywhere in the USA, but most Bourbon distilleries are located in the US state of Kentucky.
In addition to the specifications for Bourbon Whiskey, straight bourbon also fulfils other requirements. It must also be matured for at least two years and may not be blended after barrel ageing.
If a Bourbon is produced in a single distillery during the production season, matures for at least four years in a bonded warehouse and is bottled at more than 100 proof (=50%), it may bear the quality designation Bottled in Bond.
As it says in the name of the Whiskey, this straight bourbon comes from Kentucky and must have matured there for at least one year. An excellent representative of this variety is the Woodford Reserve.
Tennessee Whiskey
Tennessee Whiskey is initially subject to the same requirements as bourbon Whiskey. Since 2013, legal regulations have been in force which, in addition to production in the US state of Tennessee, also prescribe the so-called Lincoln County Process. This means the filtration of the raw spirit through a layer of charcoal several metres high. The charcoal must be made from sugar maple, which is widespread in the USA. The filtering process makes the Whiskey very soft, i.e. 'mellow'. This is also called charcoal mellowing.
In addition, there is the sour mash process. Here, residues from the distilling process (stilling) are collected and added to the mash again before fermentation. This benefits the taste of the whiskey, but also the production process: Adding the stillage changes the pH of the mash. The mixture becomes more acidic so that the yeast can work optimally. In the meantime, this process is used by almost all distilleries in America. As a rule, most bourbons are also produced using this method.
So every Tennessee Whiskey is also a bourbon, but not every bourbon is also a Tennessee Whiskey.
If at least 51 per cent rye is used in a Whiskey, it can be called rye whiskey. Rye Whiskey must also be matured in oak barrels. There used to be a wide range of rye whiskeys in America. They are characterised by an unusually spicy taste. However, people's tastes changed over the centuries, so that rye whiskey almost fell into oblivion. Because today 'mild and mellow' has become fashionable. US rye whiskeys are rarely found today, while in Canada, on the other hand, a lot of it is still produced, as Canadian rye whiskey is an important component of Canadian blended whiskies.
Watch out! Instead of at least 51 per cent corn for the bourbon or 51 per cent for the rye, it must be 100 per cent malted barley to be called American single malt. Furthermore, it must be from one distillery. It is distilled to a maximum of 80% vol. and bottled at a minimum of 40% vol. The oak barrel in which it is stored may hold a maximum of 700 litres. The whole thing is a US regulation, not a state requirement!
Corn whiskey may even be the most original variety of American whiskey. The English word 'corn' means 'corn'!
It is very similar to bourbon and Tennessee whiskey, but is not subject to their regulations. The corn content must be at least 80 percent and its taste is neutral. This makes it well suited for blend production, into which it also flows for the most part. Barrel storage is not prescribed, or if stored in a barrel, this barrel must be a used one, or a new barrel must be burnt out beforehand.
After the tastes of US connoisseurs changed in the 1960s and imported whiskies as well as gin and vodka gained in importance, the government allowed another type of whiskey in 1968, in which over 80 per cent alcohol could be distilled and the barrels were no longer subject to the strict guidelines.
A special taste! Maple whiskey combines two things that are very characteristic of American culture: Whiskey and maple syrup. This is because maple syrup is also often produced in barrels, or more precisely, bourbon barrels. Some particularly high-quality maple syrups are stored in bourbon barrels, and thus take on the typical bourbon flavours. The syrups are stored in bourbon barrels for up to three months and receive a 'finish', so to speak. Since the flavours of the two liquids harmonise so well with each other, the producers of American whiskey came up with the idea of turning the tables and filling the barrels from the maple syrup storage with whiskey in order to complement the whiskey with the maple syrup flavours. For example, there is Maple Whiskey with Hudson Rye Whiskey from the Tuthilltown Distillery, with Bourbon from the Taconic Distillery and with the Cask Proof Roundstone Rye from the Catoctin Creek Distillery.
Learn about the individual production steps of American whiskey production with the help of the bourbon production.
